Net metering & export compensation
Monthly netting at retail; annual excess granted to the utility (donation), although recent dockets may change cash-out terms.
Interconnection process
PSC interconnection rules; NorthWestern uses the Tier 1 (≤10 kW) fast track.
Permitting & inspection
Montana State Electrical Board licenses; building permits at city/county level.
Utilities operating in this state
NorthWestern Energy, Montana-Dakota Utilities, plus rural co-ops.
Electrical code (NEC) considerations
The U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) does not have a listed pathway for backfeeding a standard 120 V receptacle from a solar inverter. Article 705 covers interconnected power production sources and generally expects a dedicated, breakered, labeled circuit. Many AHJs that follow NEC 2017/2020/2023 will not approve a cord-and-plug PV connection on that basis, regardless of state policy.
HOA, landlord & solar access
Check your lease, HOA covenants, and condo rules. Many states have a 'solar access' or 'solar rights' law that limits HOA restrictions on rooftop PV, but those statutes were written for permanent installations and rarely mention plug-in or balcony kits explicitly. Renters almost always need written landlord permission.
Official sources to consult
- DSIRE — state policies & incentives
- Montana PSC
- Your specific utility's interconnection application and net metering / net billing tariff
- Your local building department (the AHJ that will inspect any work)
Bottom line for plug-in solar buyers in Montana
Even where state policy is favorable, U.S. utilities and inspectors generally do not recognize a cord-and-plug PV connection. If you want to be fully code-compliant and earn export credits, plan on a permitted, hard-wired install by a licensed electrician with a signed interconnection agreement. Off-grid uses (running a single appliance, charging a battery, RV/shed power) avoid most of these rules but still need to follow product instructions and basic electrical safety.